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<>To give you an article writen by a foreign man,Would you help me to translate this into Chinese?别在说中国式英语啦 </P>
<>■ Motor tics. Motor tics can be simple or complex. Simplemotor tics are abrupt, sudden, and brief movements,occurring in a single and isolated way. Examples of simplemotor tics are shown in Table 1. If just one type ofsimple jerk is present, it may be considered a mannerism<br>or a non varying tic [150]. It may be difficult to distinguish simple motor tics from myoclonic or choreic jerks, even though they are often repetitive and co-occurring<br>with more complex tics [150]. Repetitive eye blinking, however, is also observed in mild idiopathic blepharospasm,which is considered a form of focal dystonia<br>[28]; however, tics and blepharospasm are differentiated<br>by the presence of other tics or dystonic movements<br>at other sites, respectively.Moreover, tics begin in<br>childhood, while blepharospasm occurs in the adult<br>[150].Tics can also be present as sustained contractions,<br>resembling dystonic movements, which are termed<br>tonic or dystonic tics.A major differential feature in torsion<br>dystonia is a continual hyperkinesia that can result<br>in a persistent abnormal posture [150]. Dystonic tics are<br>abrupt, sudden movements that are sustained in a posture,<br>brief and not continuous. The presence of tics in<br>other body regions can differentiate dystonic tics from<br>torsion dystonia [150]. Complex tics are distinct, coordinated<br>patterns of sequential movements, that may appear<br>purposeful or not [150]. Examples of complex tics<br>are shown in Table 1. Motor tics can recur in the same<br>part of the body, but they can recede from this part and</P>
<>evolve elsewhere, sometimes involving multiple sections<br>of the body [150]. Tics can be temporarily suppressible<br>(as opposed to other hyperkinetic movement disorders)<br>[62], not suppressible, or suppressible for only a very<br>short time. The sensory phenomena accompanying tics<br>resemble those associated with akathisia and the restless<br>leg syndrome [150]. The focal, localized sensations relieved<br>by movements of the affected body region have<br>been called sensory tics and are present in approximately<br>40% of patients with TS [62]. Sensory tics can be<br>sensations of pressure, tickle, warmth, cold, pain, or<br>other sensations in localized regions [62], and are often<br>preceded by a generalized discomfort sensation.<br>Ocular movements can occur as a manifestation of<br>motor tics [147] and this is relevant to the diagnosis because<br>very few other dyskinesias involve ocular movements.<br>The exceptions are opsoclonus, ocular myoclonus,<br>and oculogyric spasms,more often associated<br>with antipsychotic medication or as a consequence of<br>encephalitis lethargica [72, 147]. Other paroxysmal<br>dyskinesias can be easily diagnosed. Paroxysmal kinesigenic<br>choreoathetosis (or dystonia) is triggered by a<br>sudden movement, lasts seconds, and recedes after anticonvulsant<br>therapy. Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dystonia<br>lasts from minutes to hours [150].<br>Tics are brief movements but not as brief as the<br>movements of myoclonus, which last less than 200 milliseconds<br>and are not suppressible. Although individual<br>tics may resemble the individual movements of chorea,<br>tics are repeated stereotyped movements,whereas choreic<br>movements are randomly distributed [12].<br>■ Vocal tics. Vocal or phonic tics are involuntary<br>sounds produced by moving air through the nose,<br>mouth, or throat [12, 19, 27, 53, 150]. Examples of vocal<br>tics are throat-clearing sounds and sniffing, grunts, verbalizations<br>of syllables and words, and inappropriate<br>phrases or obscenities (coprolalia) [150].Vocal tics can<br>be divided into simple tics, such as throat clearing,barking,<br>sniffing, and complex tics, such as coprolalia,<br>echolalia, and palilalia [150]. Involuntary and “unvoluntary”<br>phonations occur in the moaning in akathisia, in<br>severe parkinsonism, in progressive supranuclear palsy,<br>and in response to levodopa treatment; brief sounds occur<br>in oromandibular dystonia, Huntington’s disease,<br>neuroacanthocytosis, and tardive dyskinesia; sniffing<br>and spitting occasionally occur in Huntington’s disease<br>and neuroacanthocytosis [150].</P> |
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